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Congo's Force Publique & King Leopold II

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Manage episode 460900430 series 3336951
Content provided by Jack Johannessen. All podcast content including episodes, graphics, and podcast descriptions are uploaded and provided directly by Jack Johannessen or their podcast platform partner. If you believe someone is using your copyrighted work without your permission, you can follow the process outlined here https://ro.player.fm/legal.

If greed were a person he would be Belgian monarch, King Leopold II. In this episode, we will explore the incredibly dark history of the Congo region in Central Africa. Congo has a history of exploitation by European colonizers and extractive industries. The worst of these predators was King Leopold II whose need to secure a colony for Belgium drove the him to deceive the international community for decades.

His deception was a cover for his quest to create wealth for his own fortune and for Belgium at the cost of an estimated many millions of lives. Leopold’s personal property, the Congo Free State, utilized the barbaric services of The Force Publique, a secret police force that terrorized the Congolese people.

Socials:

IG @secretpolicepodcast

X hush_popo

Gmail secretpolicepodcast@gmail.com

Sources:

Geography Now. Geography Now! CONGO (Democratic republic). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD3ZFQ62Vxc&ab_channel=GeographyNow
The Kongo Kingdom. Infographics Africa. The Rise and Fall of the Kingdom of Kongo: Tales of Three Kings. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z73ievjudi8&ab_channel=InfographicsAfrica

The Kingdom of Kongo. Step Back. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8DmKlw1jcA&ab_channel=StepBack

Congo River Basin. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Basin

Congo: The Epic History of a People by David Van Reybrouck. (2015).

The Kongo kingdom: Long-standing diplomatic and trade connections with Europe. The Africa Museum. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/kongo-kingdom

Revising the Population History of the Kingdom of Kongo by John K. Thornton. The Journal of African History (July 2021).

The Miserable Story of The Congo. Hoser. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4INpgF4YPhA&ab_channel=hoser

Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. Encyclopedia of Africa. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467

Why is Belgium a country? - History of Belgium in 11 Minutes. Knowledgia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxEySPSUcXs&t=42s&ab_channel=Knowledgia

Encyclopedia Britannica. Leopold I. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-I-king-of-Belgium

The History Behind the ‘Victoria’ in Victoria’s Secret. Time Magazine. Merrill Fabry. https://time.com/4140242/victorias-secret-fashion-show-history/

A Habsburg Tragedy – Crown Prince Rudolf by Judith Hare. (1978).

Association Internationale Africaine. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Association-Internationale-Africaine

Henry Morton Stanley. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley

A Brief History of The Scramble For Africa. A. J. Merrick. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzF88HBlAHY&t=358s&ab_channel=A.J.Merrick

What Each Nation Wanted From the Scramble for Africa. Vologda Mapping. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygUZ7K-0nVY&t=70s&ab_channel=VologdaMapping

How did Italy Lose to Ethiopia? (1895) | Animated History. The Armchair Historian. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Hln0GjuUQk&ab_channel=TheArmchairHistorian

The Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885). Logic Owl. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO3-SNpCbSo&t=76s&ab_channel=LogicOwl

Perspectives in History podcast. Congo Free State. Willem Conner

King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild. 2002.

The 10 richest royal families in Europe, ranked by Hillary Hoffower. Business Insider. October 21, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-europe-ranked-2018-5#4-queen-elizabeth-ii-england-7

A coffee for the crown: The cost and worth of the Belgian Monarchy. Rita Alves. July 21, 2024. The Brussels Times. https://www.brusselstimes.com/1143977/a-coffee-for-the-crown-the-cost-and-worth-of-the-belgian-monarchy

Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm

Weinstein, Barbara. The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850-1920. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983.

Dean, Warren. Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

The International Natural Rubber Market, 1870-1930. Zephyr Frank, Stanford University and Aldo Musacchio, Ibmec São Paulo. Overview of the Rubber Market, 1870-1930. https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-international-natural-rubber-market-1870-1930/

Armies of East Africa. Peter Abbott. 2009

Shaw, Bryant P. Force Publique, Force Unique: The Military in the Belgian Congo, 1914 - 1939.

Constitution de la Belgique, decretre par le Congre National, le 7 Fevrier 1831.

1831 Belgian Constitution. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Belgium_1831

Geographic Support Project. Republic of the Congo Tribal Summaries. Central Intelligence Agency. October 1964.

The Atrocities of The Congo Free State. Disturbing History. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psjI29dUqhs&ab_channel=DisturbanHistory

AmericaBestHistory. BRUSSELS, BELGIUM 1897 Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles. https://americasbesthistory.com/wfbrussels1897.html

Historical currency converter (test version 1.0). https://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html

The human zoo of Tervuren (1897). Royal Museum for Central Africa. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897#:~:text=At%20the%20instigation%20of%20King,like%20animals%20in%20a%20zoo.

The Rulers of Belgian Africa, 1884–1914 by Lewis H. Gann & Peter Duignan (1979).

Commonwealth War Graves. The final hour: The end of the First World War in Africa. 21 November 23, 2023. https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/blog/the-final-hour-the-end-of-the-first-world-war-in-africa/#:~:text=The%20East%20African%20Campaign%20ww1&text=Compared%20with%20the%20confined%20trench,many%20different%20climates%20and%20terrains

Violence and Colonial Order: Police, Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires, 1918–1940 by Martin Thomas. 2012.

UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Rwanda by the Centre for Documentation and Research. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). December 1, 1998.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Industrial mining of cobalt and copper for rechargeable batteries is leading to grievous human rights abuses. Amnesty International. September 12, 2023.

Department of Energy's Office of History and Heritage Resources. Major sources consulted include the following: Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World, 1939-1946: Volume I, A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (Washington: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972), 17, 23, 26, 65, 285-88, 291-92; Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), 62-65, 79-80, 286-287, 292-311; Robert Bothwell, Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 3-8, 38-77, 119-44.

Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health. May 1998. Revised June 2005.

ASKING BELGIANS HOW THEY FEEL ABOUT KING LEOPOLD II. Eric Osa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fstVjSdw9oc&list=PLyw95kShWfm_ydGobR4a6uDkyd7BIur1o&index=11&ab_channel=EricOsa

Digital 2024: The Democratic Republic of the Congo by Simon Kemp. February 23, 2024. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-democratic-republic-of-the-congo#:~:text=The%20DRC's%20internet%20penetration%20rate,January%202023%20and%20January%202024.

Congo (DRC) Country Profile – Military / Security by by COL L. Bortoluzzi Garcia. Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute. Army War College. September 13, 2020.

History and renovation. Africa Museum. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/about_us/history_renovation

(1890) George Washington Williams’s Open Letter to King Leopold on the Congo. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/george-washington-williams-open-letter-king-leopold-congo-1890/

Belgium/Democratic Republic of the Congo Trade. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). 2022. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/bel/partner/cod

Belgium and DR Congo: working together for the future. Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. July 4, 2022. https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/policy-areas/highlighted/belgium-and-dr-congo-working-together-future

How did Patrice Lumumba die? Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-patrice-lumumba-die

Music:

Scorching Action by Jonathan Margrove

Blood Kiss by Hainbach - Topics

Kalahari Wind by Humans Win

Cinematic Ambient Orchestral Drama Trailer by MEDIA MUSIC GROUP

Dramatic Investigation by Jon Presstone

Andante Sostenuto piano solo classical by Raighes Factory

Tension in the Dark by Jon Presstone

Gnosienne by Eric Satie performed by Neil Cross and Raighes Factory

Bones - Quirky and mysterious plucked strings. Murder mystery and gothic mood by Gerardo Garcia Jr

Shake It and Break It (Weary Blues) by Humans Win

Love of God Cello by SBA

Disclaimers: NO AI was used to write or edit the contents of the show.
The opening scene is an excerpt from George Washington Williams' Open Letter to King Leopold II
January 15, 2024 changed the opening scene.

  continue reading

22 episoade

Artwork
iconDistribuie
 
Manage episode 460900430 series 3336951
Content provided by Jack Johannessen. All podcast content including episodes, graphics, and podcast descriptions are uploaded and provided directly by Jack Johannessen or their podcast platform partner. If you believe someone is using your copyrighted work without your permission, you can follow the process outlined here https://ro.player.fm/legal.

If greed were a person he would be Belgian monarch, King Leopold II. In this episode, we will explore the incredibly dark history of the Congo region in Central Africa. Congo has a history of exploitation by European colonizers and extractive industries. The worst of these predators was King Leopold II whose need to secure a colony for Belgium drove the him to deceive the international community for decades.

His deception was a cover for his quest to create wealth for his own fortune and for Belgium at the cost of an estimated many millions of lives. Leopold’s personal property, the Congo Free State, utilized the barbaric services of The Force Publique, a secret police force that terrorized the Congolese people.

Socials:

IG @secretpolicepodcast

X hush_popo

Gmail secretpolicepodcast@gmail.com

Sources:

Geography Now. Geography Now! CONGO (Democratic republic). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD3ZFQ62Vxc&ab_channel=GeographyNow
The Kongo Kingdom. Infographics Africa. The Rise and Fall of the Kingdom of Kongo: Tales of Three Kings. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z73ievjudi8&ab_channel=InfographicsAfrica

The Kingdom of Kongo. Step Back. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8DmKlw1jcA&ab_channel=StepBack

Congo River Basin. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Basin

Congo: The Epic History of a People by David Van Reybrouck. (2015).

The Kongo kingdom: Long-standing diplomatic and trade connections with Europe. The Africa Museum. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/kongo-kingdom

Revising the Population History of the Kingdom of Kongo by John K. Thornton. The Journal of African History (July 2021).

The Miserable Story of The Congo. Hoser. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4INpgF4YPhA&ab_channel=hoser

Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. Encyclopedia of Africa. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467

Why is Belgium a country? - History of Belgium in 11 Minutes. Knowledgia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxEySPSUcXs&t=42s&ab_channel=Knowledgia

Encyclopedia Britannica. Leopold I. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-I-king-of-Belgium

The History Behind the ‘Victoria’ in Victoria’s Secret. Time Magazine. Merrill Fabry. https://time.com/4140242/victorias-secret-fashion-show-history/

A Habsburg Tragedy – Crown Prince Rudolf by Judith Hare. (1978).

Association Internationale Africaine. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Association-Internationale-Africaine

Henry Morton Stanley. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley

A Brief History of The Scramble For Africa. A. J. Merrick. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzF88HBlAHY&t=358s&ab_channel=A.J.Merrick

What Each Nation Wanted From the Scramble for Africa. Vologda Mapping. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygUZ7K-0nVY&t=70s&ab_channel=VologdaMapping

How did Italy Lose to Ethiopia? (1895) | Animated History. The Armchair Historian. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Hln0GjuUQk&ab_channel=TheArmchairHistorian

The Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885). Logic Owl. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO3-SNpCbSo&t=76s&ab_channel=LogicOwl

Perspectives in History podcast. Congo Free State. Willem Conner

King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild. 2002.

The 10 richest royal families in Europe, ranked by Hillary Hoffower. Business Insider. October 21, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-family-net-worth-europe-ranked-2018-5#4-queen-elizabeth-ii-england-7

A coffee for the crown: The cost and worth of the Belgian Monarchy. Rita Alves. July 21, 2024. The Brussels Times. https://www.brusselstimes.com/1143977/a-coffee-for-the-crown-the-cost-and-worth-of-the-belgian-monarchy

Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm

Weinstein, Barbara. The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850-1920. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983.

Dean, Warren. Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

The International Natural Rubber Market, 1870-1930. Zephyr Frank, Stanford University and Aldo Musacchio, Ibmec São Paulo. Overview of the Rubber Market, 1870-1930. https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-international-natural-rubber-market-1870-1930/

Armies of East Africa. Peter Abbott. 2009

Shaw, Bryant P. Force Publique, Force Unique: The Military in the Belgian Congo, 1914 - 1939.

Constitution de la Belgique, decretre par le Congre National, le 7 Fevrier 1831.

1831 Belgian Constitution. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Belgium_1831

Geographic Support Project. Republic of the Congo Tribal Summaries. Central Intelligence Agency. October 1964.

The Atrocities of The Congo Free State. Disturbing History. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psjI29dUqhs&ab_channel=DisturbanHistory

AmericaBestHistory. BRUSSELS, BELGIUM 1897 Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles. https://americasbesthistory.com/wfbrussels1897.html

Historical currency converter (test version 1.0). https://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html

The human zoo of Tervuren (1897). Royal Museum for Central Africa. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/discover/history_articles/the_human_zoo_of_tervuren_1897#:~:text=At%20the%20instigation%20of%20King,like%20animals%20in%20a%20zoo.

The Rulers of Belgian Africa, 1884–1914 by Lewis H. Gann & Peter Duignan (1979).

Commonwealth War Graves. The final hour: The end of the First World War in Africa. 21 November 23, 2023. https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/blog/the-final-hour-the-end-of-the-first-world-war-in-africa/#:~:text=The%20East%20African%20Campaign%20ww1&text=Compared%20with%20the%20confined%20trench,many%20different%20climates%20and%20terrains

Violence and Colonial Order: Police, Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires, 1918–1940 by Martin Thomas. 2012.

UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Rwanda by the Centre for Documentation and Research. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). December 1, 1998.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Industrial mining of cobalt and copper for rechargeable batteries is leading to grievous human rights abuses. Amnesty International. September 12, 2023.

Department of Energy's Office of History and Heritage Resources. Major sources consulted include the following: Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World, 1939-1946: Volume I, A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (Washington: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972), 17, 23, 26, 65, 285-88, 291-92; Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), 62-65, 79-80, 286-287, 292-311; Robert Bothwell, Eldorado: Canada's National Uranium Company (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 3-8, 38-77, 119-44.

Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health. May 1998. Revised June 2005.

ASKING BELGIANS HOW THEY FEEL ABOUT KING LEOPOLD II. Eric Osa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fstVjSdw9oc&list=PLyw95kShWfm_ydGobR4a6uDkyd7BIur1o&index=11&ab_channel=EricOsa

Digital 2024: The Democratic Republic of the Congo by Simon Kemp. February 23, 2024. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-democratic-republic-of-the-congo#:~:text=The%20DRC's%20internet%20penetration%20rate,January%202023%20and%20January%202024.

Congo (DRC) Country Profile – Military / Security by by COL L. Bortoluzzi Garcia. Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute. Army War College. September 13, 2020.

History and renovation. Africa Museum. https://www.africamuseum.be/en/about_us/history_renovation

(1890) George Washington Williams’s Open Letter to King Leopold on the Congo. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/george-washington-williams-open-letter-king-leopold-congo-1890/

Belgium/Democratic Republic of the Congo Trade. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). 2022. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/bel/partner/cod

Belgium and DR Congo: working together for the future. Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. July 4, 2022. https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/policy-areas/highlighted/belgium-and-dr-congo-working-together-future

How did Patrice Lumumba die? Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-patrice-lumumba-die

Music:

Scorching Action by Jonathan Margrove

Blood Kiss by Hainbach - Topics

Kalahari Wind by Humans Win

Cinematic Ambient Orchestral Drama Trailer by MEDIA MUSIC GROUP

Dramatic Investigation by Jon Presstone

Andante Sostenuto piano solo classical by Raighes Factory

Tension in the Dark by Jon Presstone

Gnosienne by Eric Satie performed by Neil Cross and Raighes Factory

Bones - Quirky and mysterious plucked strings. Murder mystery and gothic mood by Gerardo Garcia Jr

Shake It and Break It (Weary Blues) by Humans Win

Love of God Cello by SBA

Disclaimers: NO AI was used to write or edit the contents of the show.
The opening scene is an excerpt from George Washington Williams' Open Letter to King Leopold II
January 15, 2024 changed the opening scene.

  continue reading

22 episoade

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